Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

1. Hsin-Chieh Yeh, PhD;
2. Bruce B. Duncan, MD, PhD;
3. Maria Ines Schmidt, PhD;
4. Nae-Yuh Wang, PhD; and
5. Frederick L. Brancati, MD, MHS

+ Author Affiliations

1. From The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Abstract

Background: Cigarette smoking is an established predictor of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the effects of smoking cessation on diabetes risk are unknown.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that smoking cessation increases diabetes risk in the short term, possibly owing to cessation-related weight gain.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study.

Patients: 10892 middle-aged adults who initially did not have diabetes in 1987 to 1989.

Measurements: Smoking was assessed by interview at baseline and at subsequent follow-up. Incident diabetes was ascertained by fasting glucose assays through 1998 and self-report of physician diagnosis or use of diabetes medications through 2004.

Results: During 9 years of follow-up, 1254 adults developed type 2 diabetes. Compared with adults who never smoked, the adjusted hazard ratio of incident diabetes in the highest tertile of pack-years was 1.42 (95% CI, 1.20 to 1.67). In the first 3 years of follow-up, 380 adults quit smoking. After adjustment for age, race, sex, education, adiposity, physical activity, lipid levels, blood pressure, and ARIC Study center, compared with adults who never smoked, the hazard ratios of diabetes among former smokers, new quitters, and continuing smokers were 1.22 (CI, 0.99 to 1.50), 1.73 (CI, 1.19 to 2.53), and 1.31 (CI, 1.04 to 1.65), respectively. Further adjustment for weight change and leukocyte count attenuated these risks substantially. In an analysis of long-term risk after quitting, the highest risk occurred in the first 3 years (hazard ratio, 1.91 [CI, 1.19 to 3.05]), then gradually decreased to 0 at 12 years.

Limitation: Residual confounding is possible even with meticulous adjustment for established diabetes risk factors.

Conclusion: Cigarette smoking predicts incident type 2 diabetes, but smoking cessation leads to higher short-term risk. For smokers at risk for diabetes, smoking cessation should be coupled with strategies for diabetes prevention and early detection.

Primary Funding Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.